The Life Cycle of Monarch Butterflies and the Annual Migration Free Essays

A stunning life pattern of ruler butterflies shows the excellence and the flawlessness of nature. A few creepy crawlies have a total transformation which is a changing in the bug body structure through various stages. Ruler butterfly experiences an ideal complete transformation process: egg, hatchling, pupa and grown-up (Bernstein, 1990). We will compose a custom exposition test on The Life Cycle of Monarch Butterflies and the Annual Migration or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The procedure of transformation is guided by qualities. There are three hormones delivered from the genes.First, Brain hormone which makes an organ in the chest gives the subsequent hormone (Molting hormone) which is totally relies upon the third hormone (Juvenile hormone) which causes the shedding of the hatchling when it presents in high sum. Each phase of the transformation is specific to do a specific action so the transformation procedure is helpful thusly on the grounds that it forestalls a blending between two capacities that request colossal vitality, for example, in the caterpillar stage the crucial developing while in the butterfly stage answerable for the reproducting (Towle, 1991).After mating, the male lepidopteran kicks the bucket while the female needs to make due until she lays her eggs. She picks the spot to put her eggs cautiously by picking a nearby spot to leaves with the goal that the caterpillars can eat when they bring forth . The strategic the caterpillar is eating. Beginning with it shell which ensured it as it created . At the point when the caterpillar develops, its prepared to move to the following stage (pupa) by turning a silk cushion and hanging their heads descending from the cushion . here are dynamic changes inside the pupa to shape a grown-up butterfly by finishing the change of the organs and the course of action of the solid framework then inevitably its prepared to rise (Patent, 1979). Ruler butterflies relocation Migration of ruler butterflies is the most astonishing natural occasion on the earth. The excursion of ruler butterflies is around 3100 miles (500 km). At the point when the temperature drops in winter in the north of the U. S. , butterflies relocate toward the south (Mexico and California) searching for hotter spots (Hussong, 2010).The yearly movement needs four ages to be finished. All the four ages have a similar time cutoff points of the initial three phases of the existence cycle: four days as an egg, fourteen days as a hatchling, and ten days as a pupa yet the distinction comes in the last stage â€Å"as an adult† the primary ages live for (2 â€) a month and a half however the fourth era lives for (6 †8) months in Mexico and California then its move north lay their eggs and kick the bucket (Rosenblatt, 2002). The dangers to ruler butterflies The yearly relocation of ruler butterflies is confronting a few threats.The most risky danger that influences the movement is deforestation. An illicit logging brought about by the Mexicans is the main consideration of deforestation in Mexico. Presently with a diminished number of trees ruler butterflies lost their supported spots and they have less region to settle. A few researchers state that the whole phenomenal relocation of the ruler butterfly is at risk for crumbling. An Earth-wide temperature boost is significant too on the grounds that it’s causing a decline in the quantity of ruler butterflies. Environmental change is influencing their wintering grounds and summer reproducing grounds.A wetter, colder climate is anticipated in Mexico over next 50 years and the frosty temperature with downpour can be lethal to overwintering butterflies. The administration and the experts in North America are attempting to spare ruler butterflies by building asylums and supporting ruler butterflies associations, for example, Monarch butterfly biosphere hold, and North America Monarch Conservation Plan (NAMCP).References Bernstein, L. (1990). Globe science . New Jersey, NJ: Globe Book Company. Hussong, J. (2010, April 13). The relentless ruler butterfly relocation. Recovered from organization/search/article/monarch+migration/1.html† http://www. thecircumference. rg/search/article/monarch+migration/1. html Mcneil, D. G. (2006, October 3). Fly away home. Recovered from http://www. nytimes. com/2006/10/03/science/03butter. html? _r=1-r=1 Moeller, R. (2002, July 10). How rulers advance toward Mexico. Logical American. Recovered from cfm?id=how-rulers make-their-w†http://www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=how-rulers make-their-w Patent, D. H. (1979). Butterflies and moths: How they work. New York, NY: Holiday House. Raver, A. (1998, December 29). Realizing the what, why and how of butterflies. New York Times. Recovered from http://www. nytimes. com/1996/12/29/style/realizing the-what-why-and-how-of-butt Step by step instructions to refer to The Life Cycle of Monarch Butterflies and the Annual Migration, Essays

Research Paper on Autism

Research Paper on Autism Composing chemical imbalance investigate paper needs the best possible consideration of essayist. Essayist ought to be capable systemize the information when composing Research paper on mental imbalance. Author ought to be clear in his discoveries, thought and thoughts. Understanding the thought is the main way one can create and sort out a quality Research paper on chemical imbalance. In the event that you are not satisfactory or your exploration paper on chemical imbalance isn't finished your perusers may lose their consideration or they may get confounded. At CustomWritings.com we help you recorded as a hard copy a Research paper on mental imbalance. We have placed the arrangement of Research paper on chemical imbalance in a request and you simply need to tail it while composing a Research paper on mental imbalance. To take a beginning, do an exploration paper on chemical imbalance points. When the theme is picked proceed. Above all else you should place some presentation in your examination paper on chemical imbalance and you ought to find the subject when taking a beginning of Research paper on mental imbalance, you should state definition at that point easily experiencing the, foundation of that subject of Research paper on mental imbalance. You should then propel your crowd toward subject of Research paper on chemical imbalance. This presentation segment of Research paper on mental imbalance is finished at this point. In the second piece of the examination paper on mental imbalance you ought to uncover some investigation, cites, some writing foundation that help your point. You ought to have brief information on writing for the chemical imbalance investigate paper. In Research paper on mental imbalance you ought to quickly break down so as to gather the bona fide information. This area calls the writing survey and it ought to incorporate barely any Research papers on chemical imbalance in a composed way. Systemized information is a lot of significant so as to place an incentive in you explore paper on mental imbalance. Here closures this writing foundation segment of your Research paper on chemical imbalance. This third area of your Research paper on mental imbalance ought to contain all the strategies and arrangement that help your thought. You ought to incorporate all the examination strategies and information assortment procedures in Research paper on chemical imbalance. You have looked into a specific technique or your own discoveries in that specific subject of Research paper on chemical imbalance ought to be referenced. Things ought not be wrecked with your Research paper on mental imbalance or with unique discoveries or you will free validity. This is the primary body of the Research paper on chemical imbalance. Presently it is an ideal opportunity to finish up everything which you have dissipated while finding your Research paper on chemical imbalance. Here you put the rundown that is a little story of your entire work and furthermore the aftereffects of Research paper on chemical imbalance. You should make a rundown of what is done and afterward choose which part covers which part of research paper on autism.â This part ought not surpass from a couple of sections of Research paper on chemical imbalance. The last piece of the Research paper on mental imbalance is including the work refered to or reference index page. This segment contains references from where you have concentrated with the distributer name, date, version, part number, page number, year, spot of distribution or in the event of site it ought to incorporate the URL of that site. Above are the parts that on the off chance that we set up structure chemical imbalance inquire about paper. We engage you in custom research papers on chemical imbalance. Our organization composes chemical imbalance investigate paper in MLA and APA positions. On the off chance that you need assistance in custom research papers on mental imbalance, or need to purchase an examination paper on chemical imbalance we are only here to give you unique research papers to High School, College and University. We likewise help compose an exploration paper on mental imbalance.

How to Save Money on Baby Stuff - OppLoans

How to Save Money on Baby Stuff - OppLoans How to Save Money on Baby Stuff How to Save Money on Baby StuffBabies are definitely expensive, but there are lots of high-priced items you might think you need for your kid that you can totally do without.You had a baby? Congratulations! There’s a whole new person in your life, and you’ve got many years ahead of bonding, love, frustration, reconciliation, conversations, and pride ahead of you.Kids are also expensive! And while you’ve got some time before you have to pay for college, you’re going to need to open your wallet as soon as you’re done holding your child for the first time.Leaving aside the medical expenses associated with birth, babies need a place to sleep, things to play with, stuff to eat, stuff to wear, and all manner of other things as well. The money you’re going to be spending on this baby will  add  up quick!That’s why we talked to the infant experts to find out how you can get baby stuff for cheaper. Let’s goo-goo ga-go! Separate the “I need it” from the “I want it.”When many children start talking, they tend to say “I need” about things that they actually “want.” They recognize that “need” is a more urgent word than “want” and don’t yet have the capability to visualize an actual scenario where they truly “need” something that you weren’t likely to provide for them anyway.But you recognize the difference. Or at least, you should.“Get real with what you need versus what is a luxury,” advised Cory Nichols (@coryjnichols), CEO of Yes Life Financial. “My favorite example is a wipe warmer. While a lovely luxury, you probably shouldnt condition your kid to expect warm wet wipes every time you change their diaper.You are destined to be out in public when a dirty diaper has to be changed and the meltdown brought on by a ‘cold’ wipe will only make the situation more difficult. Save your money, say no to the Wipe Warmer.“Another example is Diaper Genie (or similar). I hear all the time about people who put these in the ups tairs nursery. The reality is if you are downstairs when your baby needs a diaper change you arent going to go upstairs to change it AND leave the diaper up there. You are probably just going to change it on the floor in the living room. Save your money, say no to the Diaper Genie.”Susan Santoro, owner of Organized31 (@organized31), offered a similar recommendation:“You dont need every item on the market. Babies actually need very few items to be healthy and happy and grow and develop. Be purposeful about the items that you want for your baby and put those items on your baby shower wish list.Channel your excitement about your new baby into reading and learning about child development rather than purchasing unnecessary items.”Consider a registry.Parenting isn’t a game with scores, which means you don’t get any “extra parent points” for refusing help. There’s nothing wrong with having a registry and accepting the generosity of your friends and family to help manage the expenses around your new wonderful bundle of joy.“A well-planned baby registry can minimize the cost of your baby’s first year or two, which can total over $17,500, depending on where you live,” explained Sandra Gordon (@sgordonwriter), owner of BabyProductsMom. “Why not let well-wishers foot the bill?But think of it as if you were shelling out for it all yourself by getting picky. To do your registry right, visit stores, such as Target, Buy Buy Baby, and your local baby boutique and get your hands on products, even if you ultimately buy/register online. If you know what you’re registering for, you’ll be less likely to waste your registry ‘dollars.’Besides big-ticket items, such as a crib, stroller,  and car seat, list practical items that you’ll need in quantity, such as disposable diapers in larger sizes, cloth diapers, wipes, breast pads, and Diaper Genie refills. They may not seem gifty, but they can save lots of moola down the line. This post is helpful for w hat to buy/register for.”Consider renting.Your baby will be growing quickly early on, so there may be items it makes more sense to rent than to buy.“We see more and more parents opting to rent high-end baby gear that they expect to only occasionally use,” recounted Fran Maier, CEO of baby gear rental marketplace BabyQuip (@BabyQuipCorp).“This might include a jogging stroller for the one or two runs a parent brings the baby along on, a baby backpack carrier for the annual family hike, or a side-by-side stroller for the one week during the year when you do a nanny share with a friend (one nanny takes her vacation and the other nanny watches babies from two families) and the nanny needs to push two babies at once.“Besides the cost savings of renting occasional-use baby gear, parents also feel better about the carbon footprint, most of which happens in the manufacturing phase. One piece of baby gear can be used by many families, rather than having it collect dust in a closet.â €And speaking of strollers…High roller stroller.Going for a walk with your baby is lovely. And it doesn’t have to break the bank!“Use a stroller frame for your baby’s first stroller,” suggested Gordon. “Instead of shelling out hundreds for a stroller from day one, snap your baby’s infant car seat into a bare-bones stroller frame, such as the Baby Trend Snap ‘n Go (around $45 on Amazon).The carrier frame will do the job until your baby outgrows their infant car seat (at about a year). It’s compatible with most brands of infant car seats. A stroller frame will buy you time, saving you from having to pair your baby’s infant car seat with a traditional coordinating stroller from day one.Time is helpful. You’ll know so much more about your next-stroller needs once you’ve got some parenting experience under your belt.”Consider non-traditional shopping options.You want the best stuff for your baby, but you don’t necessarily have to pay the most for it.“Purcha se items that can be cleaned well and are not safety related at consignment sales,” offered Santoro. “Many baby items like clothing, blankets, books, decor, and bags are minimally used by new parents.Often you can find items at consignment sales that still have the tags and most of the remaining items are in gently-used condition. Save money on these like-new items and use those savings for items that you must purchase new.”And that’s only one of the many ways to shop smart.“Dont purchase a lot of clothing for you or bub, especially in advance,” advised Lucy Harris, CEO of Hello Baby Bump (@hellobabybump). “You may decide breastfeeding isnt for you or there is an issue and you can no longer feed your newborn that way. If you purchase a variety of items for a breastfeeding wardrobe and this happens to you, it is money down the drain and not worth it.Wait a little while or only buy a couple of items for when you absolutely need it. When it comes to bub he/she is going to grow faster than you may think. Dont buy 50+ items that fit them now and in a few months’ time may be too small, just get the essentials and dont buy into the cute clothes.When it comes to things such as winter coats, purchase those items closer to the season than a couple of months in advance to prevent a wasted buy all because your bub has grown.“When it comes to baby clothes staples, ie all-in-ones, socks, undershirts etc. Skimp on the costs with all-in-ones and undershirts as you will layer on top of them anyway and get white. When bub makes a mess you can just bleach instead of spot treating stains which will save you when it comes to laundry expenses.“Diapers are a large expense when it comes to newborns. Two of my favorite options are buying big or use reusable diapers. Your baby is going to go through diapers like anything so purchasing the larger buys is going to save you money in the long run. If you want an eco-friendly choice, pick up some reusable diapers and jus t wash them.”DIY, baby!You may not have much time, but if you can spare some time to do a few things yourself, it can be a big money saver.“One of the best ways to save money is by making your own baby food,” recommended Jenna Coleman, consumer expert at Particular Pantry (@particularpantry). “Most people already have the necessary equipment to make the baby food and storing homemade baby food making this an even more affordable option.Making your own baby food can save hundreds of dollars over the course of the babys first year because fresh produce is much less expensive than pre-packaged baby food, plus you get to help the environment by cutting down on plastic packaging. For example, in my area, you can buy 1lb. of fresh sweet potatoes for $1.28 while one 3oz. serving of sweet potato baby  food is $1.38.”You’ve got many rewarding nights of inconsistent sleep ahead of you. Hopefully, these tips will allow you to take that journey without going broke. To learn more abo ut saving money on everyday expenses, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to De-Stress for Cheap7 Tips for Eating Out on the CheapThe Broke Person’s Guide to Throwing Parties5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi BillDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |  InstagramContributorsJenna Coleman  (@particularpantry) is a consumer behavior expert in the grocery industry who believes that finding the right food for your family should be easier. She  is a firm believer that everyone can be an educated consumer and she’s on a mission to bring unbiased transparency to your choices of food and modes of shopping so that you can make deliberate choices for your particular life.Sandra Gordon  (@sgordonwriter) helps new parents gear up safely and for less on her site,  BabyProductsMom.Lucy Harris is the mom of two wonder ful children and lead mom behind  Hello Baby Bump (@hellobabybump).Fran Maier is CEO and Founder of  BabyQuip (@BabyQuipCorp), the leading baby gear rental service and marketplace. She is a serial entrepreneur and brand builder with nearly 25 years experience in B2C and B2B internet businesses. She is best known for her 10+ years leading TRUSTe (now TrustArc), the leading privacy trustmark and solutions provider, and as Co-Founder and first General Manager of Match.com.Cory Nichols (@coryjnichols) is the founder CEO of  Yes Life Financial.  Cory and his wife Colleen started Yes Life in June of 2016 to help individuals realize their full potential and follow their dreams. Cory is from Richmond, VA where he lives with Colleen and their two boys (Jack and Oliver) and Great Dane (Penny). Cory volunteers with the RFVA  and enjoys facilitating Daddy Bootcamp where he helps soon to be new dads prepare for life with a baby.Susan Santoro is a professional organizer, parent educator, owner of  Organized31 (@organized31), a veteran, and busy mom of three. She’s moved more than 20 times thanks to the military. She shares simple ideas to help you make the space and time for what’s really important to you in your life.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1641 Words

New York Culture in the 1920s Often referred to as â€Å"the playground of the wealthy†, New York City’s culture in the 1920s plays a crucial role in the development of many of the characters of The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York City increasingly gains attention, and it soon becomes known as â€Å"the city that never sleeps† during the 1920s. As massive skyscrapers begin to transform the city’s skyline, the automobile industry experiences a boom in auto sales; thus contributing to New York City’s modernity. Meanwhile, business is making a significant impact on the lives of everyday folks. No longer is it only the interest of the wealthy, because more and more commoners feel the need to get involved with economics. Thus, it can be†¦show more content†¦In Harold Bloom’s literary analysis, â€Å"Jay Gatsby†, he describes the city’s atmosphere as â€Å"a world of broken relationships and false relationships, a world of money and success rather than of a social responsibility, a world in which individuals are all too free to determine their moral destinies† (127). Soon, business and the world of money take over most of the U.S. Around this time, people are starting to become more independent and confident about their surroundings. They also become as much materialistic as people can get and suddenly, their possessions define who they were as individuals. Subsequently, lives are lived in competition, fame, and glory. Business and economics become a major part of what New Yorkers focused on. This leads to the stock market crash of 1929 which soon follows suit. In Lisa McCallum’s essay, she explains, â€Å"The stock market crash in New York City on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1921, devastated the U.S. economy and wiped out the fortunes and life savings of many investors. The event market at the end of the securities boom of the 1920s and the beginning of the Great Depression† (1). When the economy failed, people were resorting to â€Å"shady† business and sly tactics as a means of acquiring money. As a result, they become rich while other investors suffer in misery, lamenting about the loss of their wealth. The city’s booming population contributes to the appearance of modern apartment buildings as well as new-fangled

Othello by William Shakespeare - 1389 Words

Rebellious hero? Iago has been frequently judged as an evil villain for the meticulous acts he makes after Othello betrays him. Though he was never a murderous villain until his downfall he is unfairly viewed as the antagonist in the play. Since the commencement Iago was an honest military man who never wronged anybody up until they wronged him. He was stripped of a military promotion he had been looking forward to accepting by Othello the general and not only this he was also informed that Othello might have been having relations with his wife Emilia. Iago felt betrayed due to the fact that the person elected (Cassio) did not even have battlefield experience of any sort compared to Iago and used the fact of Othello and Emilia being together as a further reason to propel himself to take action. He knew this decision had to have some sort of favoritism encouragement by taking into account that Othello’s wife Desdemona is dear friends with Cassio. Iago was not going to be an on looker in this demeaning situation so he rightfully took action by ingeniously and harmlessly instigating critical emotional situations in the lives of his trusting targets leading to their own heedless demises. I dispute that Iago should not be viewed as malevolent as the play depicts because when critically analyzing the tragedy it is evident that he was just an honest Christian man rebelling to seek justice for his betrayal fromShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change to ward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifyingRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of som eones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1127 Words

In The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, readers are faced with the obstacles of hiding one’s true intentions. Through the lens of three characters, Dimmesdale the priest, Chillingworth the medic, and Hester the typical citizen, the audience is able to learn a valuable lesson. No matter how people may present themselves, if they have a duplicitous nature, this behavior will ultimately be exposed. No man or woman is able to hide who they truly are forever, because eventually people will know what their true motives are. In all aspects of his life, Arthur Dimmesdale struggles with truth and confession. He cannot decide whether to be honest about his character, or do everything in his power to preserve and shield his real identity. To†¦show more content†¦This is evident in his sermons becoming better and more relatable, his nightly lashings, and the deterioration of his health. Dimmesdale s sermons becoming more relatable proves that with each passing day, he can feel the guilt of his mistake gaining weight on his psyche. His lashings indicate that he is cowardly and would rather physically hurt himself in private than take responsibility for what what he has done with dignity and honesty. The deterioration in his health is symbolic of the time he has left to confess. The longer Dimmesdale took to confess, the worse his condition got; his sickness was pushing himself to confess by draining his health so he would finally break and redeem himself. Throughout the novel, Dimmesdale attempted to keep his double life together but his guilt forced him to confess, exposing his true nature. In the novel, Roger Chillingworth has slowly transformed into a shell of who he once was. To the public, he first appears as who he once was, an educated scholar, but is later recognized for who he has turned into, a man corrupted with revenge. The creation of the persona that is Chillingworth shows the origin of Roger’s vengeance. It is evident that Roger is quick to jealousy and revenge because before he even chooses to ask Hester about her sin, he creates an alter ego to mask his true identity. Who he was before he came to the colony is now slowly becoming his false appearance while his new real character is oneShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Cross-Cultural Determinants of Terrorism free essay sample

Orchestrated objectives within well-organized terrorist groups suggest that principles of organizational psychology apply to terrorist organizations, under the cultural influence of each one (Borum, 2004). There is much cause for optimism in understanding terrorist organizations, for as Alder and Gunderson (2008) write, â€Å"Luckily, we have learned that global complexity is neither unpredictable nor random† (p. v). The call for research has never been more pressing. Introduction â€Å"Terrorism is an elusive subject, evading precise political, jurisprudential, and cultural definition† (Oliveri, 2008, p. 49). It depends upon the definition of ‘terrorism’. â€Å"With over 100 definitions, this is not an easy task; there is no common understanding of what constitutes ‘terrorism’; no clear and universally acknowledged definition actually exists† (Franks, 2007, p. 2). The definition Munger (2006) proposes that is used for this paper is, â€Å"Culture is defined as the set of ‘inherited’ beliefs, attitudes, and moral strictures that a people use to distinguish outsiders, to understand themselves and to communicate with each other† (p. 131). The distinguishing characteristic of ‘them’ and ‘us’ is perhaps the fundamental belief generated within cultures that makes terrorism towards others possible. Whether viewed in terms of extremist Muslim culture or right-wing American culture, cultural identity supports the conflict of ideologies. Ward (2008) says, â€Å"Terrorism has taken the academic world by storm† (p. 248). The Psychology of Terrorism only became a legitimate academic study in 1982; â€Å"terrorism is far from a new phenomenon, traceable to the French Revolution and the Nihilists of 19th Century Russia† (Franks, 2007, p. ). Undoubtedly, it goes much further into the annals of history than the 19th Century, â€Å"the concept of terrorism had no meaning in history until the modern era† (Bratkowski, 2005, p. 764). Prior to modernity, terrorism was so much a part of daily culture it was normal behavior, without a specific word for it. In fact, for most of Christendom, â €Å"humankind has always provided a justification for killing and instilling terror in fellow humans† (p. 764). It is only recently that most cultures have placed a label of immorality on selective murder to achieve political or cultural ends. Our species has a protracted history and prehistory of terrorism. One might wonder why terrorism has â€Å"taken the academic world by storm†. Insights from Psychology â€Å"Terrorist violence most often is deliberate (not impulsive), strategic, and instrumental; it is linked to and justified by ideological (e. g. , political, religious) objectives and usually involves a group or multiple actors/supporters (Borum, 2004, p. 17). Since terrorist objectives originate within multinational organizations, principles of organizational psychology apply to all terrorist organizations, under the cultural milieu of the organization in question. What is now certain is that terrorism is not a psychopathological aberration, as was originally thought in psychoanalytical circles (Crenshaw, 1992). Terrorist organizations are composed of clear-headed individuals, often with advanced university degrees. Merari (1991) collected empirical data on suicide bombers, and found that psychopathology is almost never a factor in a terrorist’s profile. In fact, â€Å"prevalence of mental illness among samples of incarcerated terrorists is as low as or lower than in the general population† (Borum, 2004, p. 34). This is a clear indicator that we are dealing with psychologies of organization, and not groups of crazed sociopaths. Survival of the organization, a tenet of organizational psychology, has clear implications for the terrorist mindset (Post, 1989), even though â€Å"research on the psychology of terrorism largely lacks substance and rigor. While cultural factors are important, much study remains. â€Å"Future research should be operationally-informed; maintain a behavior based focus; and derive interpretations from analyses of incident-related behaviors† (Borum, 2004, p. 3). The main problem with such a venture might be that terrorists are not giving interviews or taking surveys. Borum points out that â€Å"there is a broad spectrum of terrorist groups and organizations, each of which has a different psychology, motivation and decision making structure† (p. 5). This further underscores the need to be on guard against the ‘stereotypical terrorist organization’: there is none. In a terrorist organization, â€Å"two key narcissistic dynamics are a grandiose sense of self and ‘idealized parental imago’. If one can’t be perfect, at least one can be in a relationship with something perfect† (Borum, 2004, p. 9). Association with a world figure such as Bin Laden satisfies this need; this can lead us back to US culture: promulgation and amplifying worldwide terrorism, via the news media. Bin Laden often makes the evening news, and every time he does, his ‘world stature’ is elevated, especially in the min ds of his followers. It the name Bin Laden was unknown, how much less effective would al-Qaeda become? Media has some degree of culpability, if not complicity in promulgating terrorism worldwide by providing free publicity to organizations and their cause. According to Paul Marsden (CPM, 2001, p. 1), â€Å"the amount of media coverage devoted to these events, by television networks and newspapers, correlates positively with the rise in subsequent `copycat events. This is darkly consistent with the substantial body of evidence for suicide contagion the idea that suicides beget suicide. † If distraught teenagers copy Columbine style shootings, how much more are suicide attacks from terrorist cells encouraged by watching the evening news? Unintentionally but effectively eulogizing angry teens and terrorists alike hold moral implications for the major news media, which need addressing by society. Organizational Psychology provides some insight: if a culture perceives it is losing its ability to contribute its share to the world stage, conflict will result (Rahim, 1986; Katz Kahn, 1978). Considering that entire cultures may feel they are losing their ability to contribute because of intervention of external cultures upon their own culture is likely one requisite to the creation of worldwide terror organization formation. Cultural factors of extremist Muslim society While many in the West view extremist Muslim terrorism as irrational behavior by deranged individuals, â€Å"it is perfectly possible to understand terrorism as a rational decision problem, if we accept the premise that culture matters† (Munger, 2006, p. 132). â€Å"Islamic societies, not exclusively, but perhaps to a greater extent than most other nations, are committed to an idea of the perfectibility of humans in societies, through moral education and imposition and enforcement of moral law (Sharia) based on the Quran† (p. 142). This religious adherence adds a great deal of resistance to compromise from outside cultures, and bolsters the extremist elements within Islamic society. Much of the cultural foundation of extremist Muslim culture is their unique interpretation of the Quran: â€Å"The contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate. Accommodation, bargaining, and mutually acceptable compromise are not envisioned as possibilities within many terrorists’ mental framework† (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). It appears that once a terrorist organization is established, the only ways to eliminate it is either when they accomplish their objectives, to destroy them, or to take away their reason to exist, which will allow Skinnerian extinction to follow over time. The ‘destroy’ method is problematic and costly: how does one destroy an ideology? Islamic terrorists are well-connected using technology; their geographic locality is literally everywhere and nowhere. Culturally-attuned uses of information technology† are a major source of cross-cultural influences in the creation and sustaining of terrorist organizations (Bailey Grimaila, 2006, p. 534). Terrorist organizations are expert in spreading and sustaining their ideology around the world. Once indoctrinated into a group, people will generally follow orders, no matter how extreme or violent, as long as the individual perceives that the order was issued from the appropriate authority (Milgram, 1965). Cultural influences caused normal students at Stanford to transform into ‘merciless prison guards’; once given the role and the authority, al-Qaeda recruits mold easily to orders from Bin Laden. Not only do they have a physical authority, which relieves their individual conscience from objecting, but also they further believe that Allah Himself sanctions Bin Laden and themselves in their efforts to establish Sharia law throughout the world (Bailey Grimaila, 2006). There is substantial agreement that the psychology of terrorism cannot be considered apart from political, historical, familial, group dynamic, organic, and even purely accidental, coincidental factors† (Borum, 2004, p. 22). Borum also states, â€Å"Significant differences [exist] both in, 1) the nature and level of aggression in different cultures, and 2) aggression can be environmentally manipulated; both findings that argue against a universal human instinct [of violence]† (p. 12). Diamond (200 4) argues that environmental influences are paramount in understanding why cultures are the way they are. The Fertile Crescent, once the cornerstone of agriculture, became radically altered once all the forests were clear-cut, leaving mostly a barren desert environment. It is interesting to note that the foundation cultures which harbored the seeds of al-Qaeda all come from this former environmental paradise. Therefore, while culture probably has the most influence on the creation of terrorist organizations in the short term today, environment certainly has a large degree of impact over the long term, and might have a large impact in the short term via militaristic or political manipulation. For many critics, global or ‘hyper’ terrorism has become an ultimate expression of acutely depressed geopolitical chaos† (Ward, 2008, p. 252). Geopolitical chaos produces environments ripe with opportunity for recruiters toward the cause of terrorism. Without addressing and rectifying the chaotic areas of the world, it is highly doubtful, that global terrorism will end. Cultures th at feel oppressed or depraved on the world stage may rise in rebellion against the oppressing culture(s), with or without religious dictate. Muslim culture is producing the lion’s share of high-visibility terrorists in the world today (Borum, 2004). One way to understand Muslim culture as it relates to the creation of terrorism is to look at Hofstede’s dimensions. Generally, Islamic countries have large inequalities of status, forming a small ruling group, and a large ruled group with limited power. Hofstede (2001) shows, those Arab cultures have large Power Distance (PDI) (80) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) (68). When these two Dimensions are combined, it creates a situation where leaders have virtually ultimate power and authority. It is not unusual for new leadership to arise from armed insurrection – the ultimate power, rather than from diplomatic or democratic change† (Borum, 2004, p. 44). Virtually the only method available for the downtrodden in Arab society to express their need for change is by armed insurrection. This is a valuable insight into the cultural creation of Arab-based terr orism, possibly the most important one. Naturally, from the ‘terrorists’ point of view they are not terrorists at all but â€Å"freedom fighters†, fighting with their only available means to enact positive change. Does this mean efforts at establishing democracy in Muslim states are likely to fail? Cultural roots run deep, and are resistant to change by outside cultures (Weiten, 2004), so the question of democracy introduced and established by Westerners is a highly speculative venture. Finally, take the case of a female suicide bomber. It was originally assumed that the young woman who committed this act was â€Å"innocent, ignorant, and of questionable morality† (Brunner, 2007, p. 961). It is difficult for Westerners to imagine otherwise. Subsequent interviews revealed that she was educated, showed no signs of emotional disturbance, and was â€Å"as highly intelligent and more independent than other girls in her society, but still fully within the range of normal† (p. 961). The key point is that she was â€Å"fully within the range of normal†, according to the culture that she grew up within. By not understanding her culture, Western culture had labeled her â€Å"innocent, ignorant, and immoral†, overlooking key factors with which to fully understand why a mentally stable young woman would commit such an act, and more importantly, to be able to deal realistically with the rise of extremist terrorism through a lack of cultural understanding. Cultural factors of the United States There is a cultural precedence of powerful nations to label other nations as ‘evil’: a threat to ‘civilization’ (Ivie, 2005). In the U. S. , â€Å"this is a very old cultural theme, deeply ingrained into the political psyche† (p. 56). This cross-cultural mindset of powerful nations is one part in the creation of terrorists in weaker cultures, a type of self-fulfilling prophecy: the call to destroy the ‘barbarians that threaten democracy’ is an ancient one; Greece and Rome had similar ongoing open-ended campaigns against terrorists, as does the U. S. today (p. 55). The main trouble with an open-ended campaign is that it never ends†¦ another cultural perception that needs adjustment on the world stage in order to arrive at peace in the world. Looking at the cultural history of the US, the ‘savage’ has always been the object of distain and genocide, in order to ‘make way for civilization’ (Ivie, 2005). The genocide of indigenous peoples of the North American continent is well documented, even using biological terrorist tactics of germ warfare; giving ‘gifts’ of small-pox laden blankets to Indians without acquired immunity against devastating disease (Diamond, 1997). Oliverio (2008) writes, â€Å"It was also a matter of common sense that the Aryan race was superior. This taken-for-granted reality of Aryan superiority led to the extermination of millions of American Indians, millions of African slaves bound for America, and countless indigenous cultures throughout the world† (p. 21). Powerful cultures that label weaker cultures as savages are a powerful impetus to the creation of terrorism. It is a recent habit of the American Right to wage war against abstractions (Comaroff, 2007, p. 381). The line between metaphorical and real war, blurred beyond recognition, gives rise to such cultural terms as ‘the war against drugs’, ‘the war against poverty’, ‘the war against illegal immigration’ (Sherry, 1995), and has become the standard of cultural mind-set in America today. Again, the US has a â€Å"militarized world-view extended to declaring metaphorical wars on disease, crime, engaging in ‘trade wars’ with foreign competitors, and fighting ‘culture wars’ with one another† (p. 58). â€Å"Culture wars† is the main point in question: how can peace ever prevail if acts of war against culture prevail? Even the Olympic Games that followed 9/11 became a forum for the core Bush Doctrine (Falcous Silk, 2005). How does the reduction of civil liberties fare with the response to terrorism? Not allowing college professors to speak out against governmental policies associated with the war on terror (Crowson DeBacker, 2008, p. 296) is one form of right-wing authoritarianism that many Americans think needs implementation. A disturbing trend of loss of personal freedoms that some associate with fascism. Taken as a whole, US domestic and foreign policy regarding oil consumption, and support for oppressive regimes, is set aside in deference to critical scrutiny of individual behavior and the forms of ‘moral lassitude’ associated with a culture of dependency† (Hay Andrejevic, 2006, p. 344). So at least part of the U. S. cultural mindset is about securing its own economic interests at the expense of decency and fairness on the world stage. Many people think that the U. S. wo uld never have bothered with Iraq if they had no strategic oil supplies, especially in the Middle East and Europe. This belief can only inflame world tensions further. Understanding cross-cultural inter-dependencies A surprising interdependency, regards the Bush Administration itself. According to Kellner (2004), not only Jihadists are responsible for ‘spectacular acts of terror’, but also both Bush administrations. They deployed â€Å"Manichean discourses of good and evil which themselves fit into dominant media codes of popular culture; that both deploy fundamentalist and absolutist discourses† (p. 41). This is extremely similar to the â€Å"contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate† (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). The Bush administration openly declares its refusal to communicate with terrorist organizations or states, which is absolutist. We know that incentives flourish within such organizations (Munger, 2006). Incentives usually take two forms: 1) recruit members that are prone to obey and please within a cultural setting (e. g. collectivist rather than individualist cultures), and 2) â€Å"Create a set of incentives that reward loyalty, by giving access to excludable near-public (â€Å"club†) goods† (p. 131). Mohammed Atta reportedly was â€Å"at a strip club spending a lot of money, shouting anti-American slogans, and left a copy of the Quran before he left† (USA TODAY, 2001, p. 1). This incident seems to have fallen under ‘club goods’ instead of operational funds, because it was the night before the hijackings, and such excessive cash was no longer needed. This says nothing of the influence U. S. culture had on Atta, a devout Muslim going to a strip club, one day before he â€Å"meets Allah†. There is no such thing as a ‘terrorist state’, in the absolute sense. Triandis, Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, and Lucca (1988) have shown that national cultures never equate to individual or subgroup cultures, so while a totalitarian governing body may indeed be a terrorist organization, the general populace can in no way be held accountable for the actions of a few. It is a stereotypical mistake to label an entire country as terrorist. It is important to realize that â€Å"both differences and similarities in behavior occur across and within cultures; psychological processes are characterized by both cultural variance and invariance† (Weiten, 2006, p24). Regrettably, â€Å"quite a few nations are culturally reasonably homogeneous† (Hofstede, 1998, p180), and this may mean that a few nations may be mostly extremist in their outlook. Discourses from the Bush administrations paralleled closely to speeches given by Hitler, Pope Urban II, and others: â€Å"an appeal to a legitimate power source external to the speaker; an appeal to the importance of the national culture under attack; the construction of an evil enemy; and an appeal for unification† (Graham, Keenan, Dowd, 2004, p. 213). Kellner (2004) feels that â€Å"the disparity between the vast amount of information freely available to all through multimedia sources, and the narrow vision presented on the major news media via television is a travesty†, and a major cultural factor responsible for the deployments of the Bush administrations’ controlled mass media (p. 61). While arguments that ‘freely available news sources from uncontrolled sources’ might suggest this no longer to be a cultural factor, culture by nature takes time to change, and most Americans probably place more credence in the evening news than the newer Internet sources (Kellner, 2003). Another example of how cross-cultural misunderstandings regularly occur between nations: â€Å"when one cultural message sender transmits information to another culture, chances of accurate transmission are reduced† (Alder Gunderson, 2008, p. 72), and when nations or organizations refuse to send information between cultures as both the Bush administration and the al-Qaeda organization currently do, virtually no chance of accurate transmission occurs. Stalemate results and wars go on, indefinitely; clear contributors to terrorism. Perhaps nowhere is the question of terrorism more complex than in the European Union: â€Å"European counterterrorism culture is a difficult concept due to the fact that the regional level of analysis encapsulates a range of different national cultures. Europe has always been a rich mixture of various cultures, and ‘terrorism’ is a culturally charged term† (Rees, 2007, p. 220), hence the difficulty in consensus. Conversely, in China, we could expect to find a unified definition of terrorism under the centralized government (Diamond, 1997). While China is suspect of â€Å"using the post-9/11 discourse of counterterrorism to cloak their own domestic priorities† (Rees, 2007, p. 224), most of their counterterrorism efforts are likely to gain support with the Chinese public as being in the accord of the countries best interest: China being a collectivistic nation. â€Å"Terrorists focus their recruitment where sentiments about perceived deprivation are deepest and most pervasive† (Borum, 2004). This helps us to understand why American involvement in Iraq actually helps create recruitment opportunities for al-Qaeda. Destroyed economies, infrastructure, and family support (via killed family members), create extreme deprivation, desperation to right cultural wrongs, and enrage cultural dictates for retribution (Borum, 2004). It even gives insight into where al-Qaeda might be concentrating recruitment efforts in America. For youth torn between two cultures in a foreign land, identity crisis may result from exposure to the foreign culture, and the chiasm between their parent’s cultures: â€Å"radicalism offers simple answers to the big questions they are grappling with† (Ongering, 2007, p. ). The human tendency to stereotype will easily adapt to simple answers rather than grapple with difficult questions (Weiten, 2004). Extrapolated, it may be easier to recruit a terrorist, than to prevent a person from taking up the cause in the first place. Does cultural pressure on a subgroup help to create violent extremists? Muslim communities in America, â€Å"Not only had their religion being p resented incorrectly, but its adherents were being equated with terrorists† (Baker, 2006, p. 302). Considering the degree that Muslim communities in the Western world are subject to intensified scrutiny, and even unwarranted acts of violence against them by US citizenry (Ward, 2008), a good assumption is that many young Muslims will adapt an extremist ideology in response to cultural threat (Sirin Fine, 2007), and some of those extremists will turn terrorist. It seems to be a never-ending spiral escalation of one cultural assault upon the other: the ‘Crusades’ continue†¦ It is a real ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg? ’ question. Which side began this milieu of cultural attack and counterattack? Perceptions run the gamut: â€Å"The terrorist presents a story of heroism and necessary sacrifice. The counter-terrorist presents a counter-narrative of defiance and vengeance, replacing the image of the martyr with that of inhumanity, even bestiality† (Ward, 2008, p. 254). We reminded again of weaker cultures as ‘savage’, and as we have come to see, cross-culturally, nothing could be further from the truth from both extreme perspectives. Another cultural misunderstanding that may have helped to escalate tensions is the perception that the Muslim community in America did not stand up in unison and denounce the acts of 9/11 as atrocious. This initial silent response interpreted by many Americans as tantamount to condoning such acts of terrorism (Munro, 2006). Paradoxically, this lack of public outcry may have been the result of Muslim culture itself, with the majority of Muslims feeling that it was obvious that they had nothing to do with the attacks, and therefore no reason to take a public stand (Munro, 2006). A form of ‘vigilante counter-terrorism’ develops in American culture, which gives rise to anti-Muslim sentiment and acts of violence (Johnson, 2003). One probable contributing factor is termed: â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome† (Pipes, 2006). The perpetrator, â€Å"for all outward appearances, a young Muslim man, well adjusted to Western society, considered friendly; one day, without warning, he acted out an independent Jihad, which injured nine students† (Pipes, 2006). Such unforeseeable and unpredictable behavior influences non-Muslims to stereotype many Muslims as having the same potential toward â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome†. This of course creates an atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust between cultures: how can you tell who the enemy is just by looking at them? Discussion There is no cultural ‘quick fix’ to this pervasive problem confronting the modern world. â€Å"The general policy approach has to be adaptive, opportunistic, and multisided. The conventional problem-solving logic so attractive in American culture—find a problem and then fix it—is of limited utility, and a longer term, more contextualized approach is necessary† (Smelser et al. , 2002, p. 4). For instance, the Global War on Terror (GWOT) as espoused by the Bush Doctrine includes toppling ‘rogue nations’ as part of the effort to thwart terrorism (Borum, 2004). Focusing on ‘nation rebuilding’ of states, that are otherwise subject to deterrent, rather than on organizations that transcend geographic localities and are not subject to deterrent, is a lack of proper cultural understanding of the issues, and will lead to further cultural misunderstandings. It makes sense that if powerful cultures do not make accusations against weaker cultures not understood, or interfere in the sovereign rights of weaker nations, that a large amount of terrorism will fail to manifest by lack of unwanted cultural impetus from foreign powers. One of the biggest troubles seems to be, that powerful countries can arouse their masses which are â€Å"easily pressed into service to rally the nation, quell dissent and effectively inoculate the public against any alternative perspective† (Ivie, 2005, p. 56), the main point being to limit any alternative cultural perspectives as being legitimate relative to one’s own ‘superior’ cultural perspective. This is error. â€Å"An increasingly militarized culture of fear† (p. 9), such as is dominant in the US today, and which has been developing over many decades, cannot reduce the threat of terrorism in the world. Indeed, Muslim culture dictates that retribution be demanded when a family member is taken. Each errant US bomb inevitably creates more ‘terrorists’ (Borum, 2004), cultural ‘deviants’ are created that never would have existed otherwise. Rumors and hundreds of websites have sprung up claiming that FEMA has erected hundr eds of internment camps on American soil is a disturbing part of the changing culture in America today. A Google search of ‘American internment camps’ will pull up hundreds of unsubstantiated claims of such camps, including specific locations; further highlighting the cultural atmosphere of increasing paranoia. Finally, what can help prevent Muslim youth in the U. S. from taking a violent path? According to Sirin and Fine (2007)â€Å"Research that the successful integration of both one’s own culture and the dominant culture, leads to more positive developmental outcomes†¦whereas marginalization, that is disengagement from both cultures, is associated with mental health problems for immigrant youth† (p. 52). Society certainly would do well to address issues of marginalization, in order to help prevent future â€Å"Sudden Jihad Syndrome† (Pipes, 2006). Conclusion While this paper has focused mainly on US and Muslim extremist involvement, state and non-state respectively, it is important to remember that many other states and organizations exist whic h perpetrate terror. Terror is a two way street, with few exceptions. Perhaps the ultimate defense against terrorism is to understand the cultural and cross-cultural causes of it, and with proper knowledge, address the issues at hand. We must avoid stereotypes at all costs, because â€Å"Nearly all terrorists are extremists, but most extremists are not terrorists† (Borum, 2004). â€Å"Long-term orientation versus short-term orientation† (Franke, Hofstede, Bond, 1991) may provide insights into which culture holds greater strength in the GWOT. U. S. culture demands immediate results, and has little tolerance for long term strategies, while extremist Islamic culture is bond by the vision of Mohammed, and is prepared to sacrifice for centuries if need be (Borum, 2004). Fortunately, unnecessary warring between cultures may diminish substantially as one of the biggest single benefits of cross-cultural understanding and application of organizational psychological research (Brislan, 1983). â€Å"It is argued that we now live in an age of ‘hyperterrorism,’ where the nature and scale of terrorism has reached a new level, and that the question of ‘How to deal with international terrorism is quickly becoming the defining issue of our age’† (Ward, 2008, p. 248). It is imperative that we make every effort to understand the cross-cultural determinants of terrorism, regardless of cost.